Researchers have raised alarms about the effects of plastic-derived chemicals and microplastics on both male and female fertility. A growing body of research, ranging from endocrine disruption to DNA damage, reveals their harmful impact on reproductive health and the fertility of future generations.
How Plastics Affect Fertility
Substances such as bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates, found in everyday items like food containers, water bottles, and personal care products, are known endocrine disruptors that interfere with the body’s hormonal balance. By mimicking or blocking hormones, they disrupt reproductive health in both men and women. More recently, attention has turned to microplastics and nanoplastics, tiny particles that can accumulate in tissues and even cross the placenta.
Studies published in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences and Environmental Science & Technology show that microplastics have been detected in human blood, lungs, and placental tissue. Their presence in reproductive organs raises concerns about potential impacts on gametes (eggs and sperm), as well as long-term consequences for the fertility of future generations.
The Impact on Female Fertility
Austin-based reproductive endocrinologist Dr. Shahryar Kavoussi explains: “We are seeing increasing evidence that microplastics and their related chemicals may impair ovarian function, reduce egg quality, and disrupt the hormonal environment needed for conception and healthy pregnancy. These effects may not only reduce a woman’s chance of conceiving but could also influence the health and fertility potential of her offspring.”
For women, the risks are multifaceted. Plastic-derived chemicals can disrupt estrogen and progesterone signaling, two hormones critical for ovulation and embryo implantation. Additionally, microplastics may trigger oxidative stress and inflammation in ovarian tissue, further reducing reproductive potential. Some studies suggest that prenatal exposure to these particles could impair fetal development, highlighting the importance of minimizing exposure before and during pregnancy.
The Impact on Male Fertility
Men’s fertility is equally affected by plastics. Austin-based reproductive urologist Dr. Parviz Kavoussi notes: “Microplastics and the chemicals they release are associated with decreased sperm counts, impaired motility, and increased DNA fragmentation. Over time, this reduces male fertility and may also impact the health of embryos, raising concerns for the next generation.”
Phthalates and BPA are particularly concerning, as they negatively affect testicular function, reduce testosterone levels, and alter sperm production. Exposure during critical developmental windows such as in utero or during puberty may have lasting consequences on male reproductive capacity. These risks can also extend to the offspring, since sperm DNA fragmentation linked to environmental toxins may contribute to reduced embryo viability and higher miscarriage risk.
Dr. Kavoussi interviews with KVUE news to share his insights on plastics and what men can do to minimize exposure. Read more and watch the interview.
Long-term Implications for Future Generations
Research shows that microplastics and their chemical byproducts can cross the placental barrier, exposing unborn babies before birth. Animal studies suggest that early exposure disrupts fetal reproductive system development, potentially leading to fertility issues later in life.
As Dr. Shahryar Kavoussi notes: “The potential for these particles to affect not just parents, but also their children’s reproductive health, makes this a multigenerational concern. Preventing exposure where possible is critical for protecting fertility across generations.”
Dr. Parviz Kavoussi adds: “When we think about fertility, we can’t just look at the here and now. Microplastics represent an emerging threat to the reproductive health of our children and grandchildren, and that makes reducing exposure today even more important.”
While it’s impossible to avoid plastics entirely, individuals can take steps to reduce exposure including:
- Use glass or stainless steel containers instead of plastic for food and beverages.
- Avoid heating food in plastic containers, as heat increases chemical leaching.
- Choose personal care products labeled as phthalate- and BPA-free.
- Support policies and initiatives aimed at reducing plastic production and pollution.
For couples trying to conceive, being mindful of environmental exposures is an important step in optimizing fertility. Fertility specialists can help guide patients on lifestyle changes that may minimize risks.
For further reading:
Learn more on how plastic chemicals like BPA impact male fertility.
